1、2. test yourself compare the following two passages. the first one is an extract from a scientific paper, whereas the second one is extracted from a novel. then answer the questions. passage one naturally, a great deal of thought has been given to possible ways of preventing the emergence of resistance. one suggestion has been the use of mixtures of two different types of insecticides, with the idea that one of them should eliminate the individual's resistance to the other. this principle has been found useful in preventing resistance to antibiotics in bacteria. unfortunately, the few practical trials have not been encouraging, for the mixtures have merely developed a double resistance to the two insecticides employed.in brief, there is as yet no known way of obtaining the benefits of the new insecticides without some risk of provoking resistance. for this reason, it would seem unwise to use insecticide regularly, on a very large scale, unless there is some vital object to be attained. in such cases, the use of insecticides should be combined with other measures. passage two soomintra brought the snapshot album. it was an expensive album, covered in leather. they had frequently photographed ravi, from the time when he was first allowed into the open air until the month before his death. there were pictures of him bathing in the sea, digging sand on the east coast, the north coast, and the south coast; pictures of ravi dressed up for carnival, dressed up for tea parties; ravi on bicycles, ravi in motor-cars, real ones and toy ones; ravi in the company of lots of people i didn't know. i turned the pages rather dully. from time to time sheila leaned forward and commented. "there's ravi at the home of that american doctor. a wonderful guy. ravi looks sweet, doesn't he? and look at this one: that boy always had a smile for the camera. he always knew what we were doing. he was a very clever little boy." at last we exhausted the snapshots. sheila had become silent towards the end. i felt that she had been through the album many times in the last two days. questions: 1) how are the first three sentences in the two passages constructed? 2) are the words spoken by sheila in passage two formal or informal? 3) in the second paragraph of passage one, what does "it" refer to? 4) in the second paragraph of passage two, what does "through" mean? 5) for what purposes do you suppose are these two passages written respectively?
chapter 3 scientific writing
how to produce a working title
1、compare the two essays: how do computer hackers "get inside" a computer & electronic threats of a computer and answer the following questions. q1: what is the main idea that each essay tries to illustrate? q2: in which aspect do the two essays share the same idea? q3: in which aspect do the two essays differ? q4: what topic does each essay address? do you think they are appropriate according to the four principles mentioned by the teacher? q5: in the 2 titles, which one is more approriate for est?
how to write a literature review 1
1、read the following essay:risks of nuclear power, and write a literature review.
how to write a literature review 2(可选）
1、read the following 4 essays and choose at least two of them to compare. then answer the following questions: articles: article 1: risks of nuclear power by bernard l. cohen article 2: how radiation threatens health by nina bai article 3: should nuclear radiation found in domestic milk come as a surprise? by amber cornelio article 4: radiation and health: the aftershocks of japan's nuclear disaster by susan blumenthal questions: q1: are there anything in common for these four articles in terms of the time fo their publication and their topics? q2: what opinions are shared by the authors of these articles? q3: what opinions are shared by the authors of these articles? q4: what do you think of the disagreeement and controversy? q5: which articles do you find most reliable and trustworthy? why?
writing an introduction
1、please write an introduction of your research paper.
listening comprehension
1、read the following article and analyze how the author uses studies and evidence available to illustrate his view on the new classification of the effects of marijuana.
writing an abstract
1、directions: please write an abstract of the attached research papper
error correction
1、check the following sentences and correct the mistakes inside.
chapter two translation of est
translation ex. 1
1、directions: you are supposed to translate the following article including an abstract and an introduction into chinese, while the abstract is a compulsory one and the introduction is an optional one.
translation ex. 2
1、directions: translate the first section: radiation of text 11.
chapter 4 scientific essays for reading
summaries
1、please write the summaries of source materials in task 2 & task 3.(please note you are supposed to write a summary of text 9 (global warming and its effects) instead of text 8.
simulated test
simulated test for est
1、artⅰ listening comprehension (3’× 5=10’) directions: in this section, you will hear a lecture. the lecture will be spoken twice. after hearing the lecture, you are required to answer the following questions. then write down your answers on the answer sheet. the following questions are based on the lecture you have just nkling light . 1. what can we learn by studying the twinkling light of the planetary system? 附件视频请登录百度网盘， 链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1zdfele2hqs9sf7ujzpmvrg 提取码：h1x9
2、2. how many potential new planetary systems have been found during the two-year operation of keplar mission? what is the figure prior to the mission?
3、3. what does the example of the campfire mean?
4、4. what can we see from the sun if we had uv eyes of x-ray eyes?
5、5. what does keplar study? and why is the measurement it makes precious?
6、partⅱ vocabulary (1’×15=15’) directions: complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed in the box below with the help of the chinese in brackets. each choice in the box is identified by a letter. please write down the corresponding letter for each item on the answer sheet. you may not use any of the words in the box more than once. comprise interchangeable squeeze humble criminal malicious replicate notoriety malfuntioned ingenious emergence vulnerability cunning patches daunting 1. throw away a(n) ________ （损坏的）computer
7、2. earn somebody considerable ______ (恶名）
8、part ⅲ reading comprehension (2’×10=20’) directions: there are 2 passages in this section. each passage is followed by some questions. for each of them there are four choices marked a), b), c) and d). you should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on answer sheet. sports fans all over the world recognize the name michael jordan. from thailand to tennessee, kids wear clothes with his picture on them. jerseys with his number 23 on the front, jackets with the bulls logo on the back, and air jordan athletic shoes all reflect the fame of this superstar. michael jordan has become the most famous attraction of the world’s favorite spectator sport. michael jordan was born in 1963 in brooklyn, new york. growing up, michael did not look like a future superstar. he was very shy and didn’t like to talk to other people about himself. he was also very short. he showed little promise of having a future career in basketball. when he tried out for the freshman team in high school, michael didn’t make it. the next year, however, after a large growth spurt, he made the team. the rest is history. michael’s road to fame began at the university of north carolina. he brought an acrobatic (杂技的) style to the game that few had seen before. michael used his quickness and strength to reach the basket again and again. he became famous for his powerful slam dunk. basketball fans from all over the world began to take notice. one reporter wrote that when michael went up to dunk the basketball, it looked like he could fly. he was given the nickname “air jordan”. 37. kids all over the world wear things related to jordan, ____ is not mentioned in the passage. a) shoes b) jerseys c) jackets d) sockets
9、38. jordan once didn’t seem to promise to be a superstar because ____. a) he was too shy b) he kept from others c) he was short d) he was poor
10、passage 2 questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. this seems like a straightforward(direct) question but it’s actually quite complex in its implications(implied meanings), and the answer is anything but simple. the trivial(unimportant) response is that hackers get inside a target computer system by exploiting(taking advantage of) vulnerabilities, but in order to provide more detail, let's start from the beginning. the term hacker is fairly controversial(disputed) in its meaning and interpretation. some people claim that hackers are good guys who simply push the boundaries(limits) of knowledge without doing any harm (at least not on purpose), whereas crackers(a person who exploits weaknesses in a computer or network) are the real bad guys. this debate is not productive; for the purposes of this discussion, the term “unauthorized user” (uu) will suffice(be enough). this term covers the entire range of folks, from those involved in organized criminal activities to insiders who are pushing the limits of what they are authorized to do on a system. next let’s explore what it means to “get inside” a computer. this can refer to gaining access to the stored contents of a computer system, gaining access to the processing capabilities(abilities) of a system, or capturing information being communicated between systems. each of these attacks requires a different set of skills and targets a different set of vulnerabilities. so what do uus take advantage of? vulnerabilities exist in every system and there are two kinds: known and unknown. known vulnerabilities often exist as the result of needed capabilities. for instance, if you require different people to use a system in order to accomplish some business process, you have a known vulnerability: users. another example of a known vulnerability is the ability to communicate over the internet; enabling this capability, you open an access path to unknown and untrusted entities(people or things). unknown vulnerabilities, which the owner or operator of a system is not aware of, may be the result of poor engineering, or may arise from unintended consequences of some of the needed capabilities. by definition, vulnerabilities may be exploited. these can range from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible(able to approach) to visitors in the office. more than one technical exploit has been managed simply by sitting at the receptionist's desk and using his computer to access the desired information. poor passwords (for example, a username of joe smith with an accompanying password of “joe smith”) are also a rich source of access: password cracking programs can easily identify dictionary words, names, and even common phrases within a matter of minutes. attempts to make those passwords more complex by replacing letters with numbers, such as replacing the letter o with the number zero, don't make the task much harder. and when a uu can utilize a valid username-password combination, getting access to a system is as easy as logging(register) in. 1. what does “unauthorized user” refer to?
11、2. what’s the difference of known and unknown vulnerabilities?
12、part ⅳ translation (5’×4=20’) directions: translate the following sentences into chinese. 1. some people claim that hackers are good guys who simply push the boundaries of knowledge without doing any harm (at east not on purpose), whereas "crackersrs" are the real bad guys.
13、part ⅴ writing (1’×20=20’) section a (1’×10=10’) directions: reading the following sentence patterns which are often used in academic essays and identify their respective functions which have marked from a to j. then write down the corresponding letters on the answer sheet. introduce the topic describe the outline of the talk indicate the shift from one idea to another summarize the talk give closing remarks function： i will concentrate on the following points: first of all... then ... this will lead to ... and finally ... i will divide my presentation into two parts, namely... we can break this area down into the folling fields...
14、section b （10’） directions: summarize the main ideas of the following source material by using different wording and structures from the original. 44. author steven pincker, a scholar of linguistics, maintained that traditional anthropology (人类学) has done humanity a great harm by focusing on the odd, unreasonable elements in human society. this has distorted our understanding of each other, separating us into the known and unknown, whatever our perspectives. pincker’s point is well taken. he argues that should an extraterrestrial (外星人), for example, land on planet earth she would be struck not by these differences, which would be invisible to her, but by how much alike we all are. she would hear us speak, run human speech through her pda (personal digital assistance), and learn that all human speeches have nouns, verbs and modifiers. each one of the 800 or so human languages has ways to express relative location (english uses a vast array of prepositions for this purpose; other languages use case markers, or post-positional words, like japanese). all languages express what is past, what is happening at the moment, and has ways to predict or plan future action. all have words and phrases to express hope and hopelessness, passion and friendship, anger and negotiation and apology. the extraterrestrial would say we all speak dialects of one common language. pincker has noted that there are emotional and cultural universals that stretch across races, across national borders, with differences only in the slightest sense. all cultures value beauty, and a beautiful baby or woman or man is recognized as such whether african, asian or european. all cultures cherish families and punish crime, and define crime in fairly similar ways. 44.
15、part ⅵ (5’×2=10’) directions: answer the following questions based on the knowledge you have learned in this course 45. what are the differences between literary english and est?
19-20-02学期大学英语4（科技英语）2班期末考试
19-20-02学期大学英语4（科技英语）2班期末试卷
1、partⅰ listening comprehension (3’× 5=15’) directions: in this section, you will hear a lecture. the lecture will be spoken twice. after hearing the lecture, you are required to answer the following questions. then write down your answers on the answer sheet. the following questions are based on the lecture you have just heard. 1. what can we learn by studying the twinkling lights of the planetary system? ________________________________________________________ 听力视频百度网盘地址： 链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/11sre0xsqzsnoe_ypzl0cfa 提取码：rlc6
2、2. how many potential new planetary systems have been found during the two-year operation of kepler mission? what is the figure prior to the mission? ________________________________________________________
3、3. what does the example of the campfire mean? ___________________________________
4、4. what can we see from the sun if we had uv eyes of x-ray eyes? __________________________________________________
5、5. what does kepler study? and why is the measurement it makes precious? __________________________________________________________
6、partⅱ vocabulary (1’×15=15’) directions: complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed in the box below with the help of the chinese in brackets. each choice in the box is identified by a letter. please write down the corresponding letter for each item on the answer sheet. you may not use any of the words in the box more than once. a. network b. specter c. disperse d. displacement e. symbolic f. unfounded g. profile h. implement i. strategy j. analyst k. devastating l. rigorous m. neutralize n. straightforward o. optimism 6. a(n) (象征的) gesture of love
7、7. start with a pretty _____(直截了当) question
8、8. be absorbed in the social _____(社交网络)
9、9. learn the _____(概要) of the project
10、10. result in substantial population _____(转移)
11、11. unrealistic _____(乐观)
12、12. financial _____(分析员)
13、13. raise the _____(恐惧) of the oil crisis
14、14. _____(履行) a promise
15、15. _____(中和) acids
16、16. _____(战略) of sustainable development
17、17. _____(传播) knowledge
18、18. _____(严格的) discipline
19、19. _____(没有根据的)suspicion
20、20. a(n) _____(毁灭性的)hurricane
21、part ⅲ reading comprehension (20’) section a (2’×5=10’) directions: there is one passage in this section. the passage is followed by some questions. for each of them there are four choices marked a), b), c) and d). you should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter below. questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. the health-care economy is filled with unusual and even unique economic relationships. one of the least understood involves the peculiar roles of producer or "provider" and purchaser or "consumer" in the typical doctor-patient relationship. in most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. such condition, however, does not prevail in most of the health-care industry. in the health-care industry, the doctor-patient relationship is the mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. once an individual has chosen to see a physician- and even then there may be no real choice - it is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return next wednesday", whether x-rays are needed , whether drugs should be prescribed etc. it is a rare and sophisticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the disease is regarded as serious. this is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. the physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. the patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctor's judgments that are final. little wonder then that in the eye of the hospital it is the physician who is the real "consumer." as a consequence, the medical staff represents the "power center" in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration. although usually there are in this situation four identifiable participants - the physician, the hospital, the patient, and the payer (generally an insurance carrier or government) - the physician makes the essential decision for all of them. the hospital becomes an extension of the physician; the payer generally meets most of the bills generated by the physician/hospital, and for the most part the patient plays a passive role. we estimate that about 75-80 percent of health-care expenditures are determined by physicians, not patients. for this reason, the economy directed at patients or the general is relatively ineffective. 21. what's the author's main purpose in writing this passage? a. to criticize doctors for exercising too much control over patients. b. to analyze some important economic factors in health-care. c. to urge hospitals to reclaim their decision-making authority. d. to inform potential patients of their health-care rights.
22、22. in the health-care industry, the patients _____. a. perform the role of being "providers" b. decide which physician to consult c. never raise questions about price d. never consult with the doctors
23、23. according to the author, when a doctor tells a patient to "return next wednesday", the doctor is in effect _____. a. instructing the patient to buy more medical services b. warning the patient that a hospital stay might be necessary c. advising the patient to seek a second opinion d. admitting that the initial visit was ineffective
24、24. doctors are able to determine hospital policies most probably because _____. a. it is doctors who generate income for the hospital b. a doctor is ultimately responsible for a patient's health c. most of the patients don't challenge the doctor's decisions d. the administration doesn't know about medicine as much as doctors
25、25. the author is most probably leading up to _____ a. an analysis of the role of the hospital administration b. a study of lawsuit against doctors' malpractice c. a discussion of a new medical treatment d. a proposal to control medical costs
26、section b (2’×5=10’) directions: there is 1 passage in this section. the passage is followed by some questions. you should write down your answers to each question on answer sheet. questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. the trouble with biofuels maybe it was simply too good to be true. for proponents, biofuels — petroleum substitutes made from plant matter like corn or sugar cane — seemed to promise everything. using biofuels rather than oil would reduce the greenhouse gases that accelerate global warming, because plants absorb carbon dioxide when they grow, balancing out the carbon released when burned in cars or trucks. using homegrown biofuels would help the u.s. reduce its utter dependence on foreign oil, and provide needed income for rural farmers around the world. and unlike cars powered purely by electric batteries or hydrogen fuel cells — two alternate technologies that have yet to pan out — biofuels could be used right now. but according to a pair of studies published in the journal science recently, biofuels may not fulfill that promise — and in fact, may be worse for the climate than the fossil fuels they're meant to supplement. according to researchers at princeton university and the nature conservancy, almost all the biofuels used today cause more greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels, if the full environmental cost of producing them is factored in. as virgin land is converted for growing biofuels, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere; at the same time, biofuel crops themselves are much less effective at absorbing carbon than the natural forests or grasslands they may be replacing. "when land is converted from natural ecosystems it releases carbon," says joseph fargione, a lead author of one of the papers and a scientist at the nature conservancy. "any climate change policy that doesn't take this fact into account doesn't work." many environmentalists have been making the case against biofuels for some time, arguing that biofuel production takes valuable agricultural land away from food, driving up the price of staple crops like corn. but the science papers make a more sweeping argument. in their paper, fargione's team calculated the "carbon debt" created by raising biofuel crops — the amount of carbon released in the process of converting natural landscapes into cropland. they found that corn ethanol produced in the u.s. had a carbon debt of 93 years, meaning it would take nearly a century for ethanol, which does produce fewer greenhouse gases when burned than fossil fuels, to make up for the carbon released in that initial landscape conversion. palm tree biodiesel in indonesia and malaysia — one of the most controversial biofuels currently in use, because of its connection to tropical deforestation in those countries — has a carbon debt of 86 years. soybean biodiesel in the amazonian rainforest has a debt of 320 years. "people don't realize there is three times as much carbon in plants and soil than there is in the air," says fargione. "cut down forests, burn them, churn the soil, and you release all the carbon that's been stored." worse, as demand for biofuels go up — the european union alone targets 5.75% of all its transport fuel to come from biofuel by the end of the year — the price of crops rises. that in turn encourages farmers to clear virgin land and plant more crops, releasing even more carbon in a vicious cycle. for instance, as the u.s. uses more biodiesel, much of which is made from soybeans or palm oil, farmers in brazil or indonesia will clear more land to raise soybeans to replace those used for fuel. "when we ask the world's farmers to feed 6 billion people and ask them to produce fuel, that requires them to use additional land," says fargione. "that land has to come from somewhere." industry groups like the renewable fuels association criticized the studies for being too simplistic, and failing to put biofuels in context. and it's true that the switch to biofuels can have benefits that go beyond climate change. biofuels tend to produce less local pollution than fossil fuels, one reason why brazil — which gets 30% of its automobile fuel from sugar-cane ethanol — has managed to reduce once stifling air pollution. in the u.s., switching to domestically produced biofuels helps cut dependence on foreign oil, and boosts income for farmers. but in all of these cases, the benefits now seem to pale next to the climate change deficits. fargione points out that if the u.s. managed to use 15 billion gallons of ethanol by 2015 — as is mandated in last year's energy bill — it would still only offset 7% of projected energy demand. that won't put venezuela or iran out of business. this is all depressing news, especially if you're a corn farmer. biofuels are one of the few alternative fuels that are actually available right now, but the evidence suggests we be better off not relying on them. but even fargione doesn't argue that we should ditch biofuels altogether. biofuels using waste matter — like wood chips, or the leftover sections of corn stalks — or from perennial plants like switchgrass, effectively amount to free fuel, because they don't require clearing additional land. "there's no carbon debt," notes fargione. unfortunately, the technology for yielding fuel from those sources — like cellulosic biofuels — is still in its infancy, though it is improving fast. in the end, the right kind of biofuel won't be a silver bullet, but just one more tool in the growing arsenal against climate change. 26. what are the biofuels? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________
27、27. what are the benefits of using biofuels? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
28、28. why are many environmentalists against using biofuels? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
29、29. what is the “carbon debt”? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________
30、30. the corn ethanol produced in the u.s. has a carbon debt of 93 years. what does it mean? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________
31、part ⅳ translation (5’×4=20’) directions: translate the following sentences into chinese. 31. this can refer to gaining access to the stored contents of a computer system, gaining access to the processing capabilities of a system, or capturing information being communicated between systems ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
32、32. is a.i. (artificial intelligence) a new sort of automation, one that undercuts the brain work that became the mark of late 20th century employment, one that will only eliminate the better jobs? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
33、33. much can be done to avert genetic disease utilizing currently available technology, if 1% of the taxes paid by the nuclear industry were used to further implement the technology, 80 cases of genetic disease would be averted for each case caused by the nuclear industry. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
34、34. genetically modified, virus-resistant crops can reduce that damage, as can drought-tolerant seeds in regions where water shortages limit the amount of land under cultivation. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
35、part ⅴ writing (20’) section a (1’×10=10’) directions: reading the following sentence patterns which are often used in academic essays and identify their respective functions which have marked from a to j. then write down the corresponding letters in the brackets. function a: compare and contrast function b: establish the specific topic function c: state the previous studies’ limitation function d: review the previous related studies function e: introduce the present methodology function f: analyze the effects function g: state the purpose and / or the principal activities function h: offer a brief structure of the whole paper function i: describe the causes function j: announce the direction for further studies （）35. there have been several/detailed studies on ...
36、( ) 36. the research has tended to focus on ... rather on ...
37、( ) 37. it would thus be of interest to learn how …
38、( ) 38. ... is of particular interest with respect to ...
39、( ) 39. the aim of this paper is to apply ... to give detailed information on ...
40、( ) 40. we first consider ..., and argue that ... we then propose ...
41、( ) 41. ... method is employed.
42、( ) 42. the change mainly stems/arises/results from ...
43、( ) 43. it may produce/bring about a marked/drastic change in …
44、( ) 44. in terms of cost, it outweighs the benefit we gain from …
45、section b (10’×1=10’) directions: summarize the main ideas of the following source material by using different wording and structures from the original. source material objects that are vibrating make sounds. rhythmic sound vibrations produce sound waves which travel in every direction. the frequency of a sound is the number of waves that pass a given point each second. the more rapidly an object vibrates, the greater the frequency of sound it makes. frequency is measured in hertz. one hertz equals one sound wave per second. the frequency of sound determines the degree of highness or lowness of the sound. a high-pitched sound has a higher frequency than a low-pitched sound. humans hear sounds that have frequencies from about 20 hertz to 20,000 hertz. sound with a frequency higher than 20,000 hertz is called ultrasound which is too high-pitched for humans to hear. however, many animal can hear ultrasound. bats can hear higher sounds than any other animal. some can hear up to 210,000 hertz. bats sent out lots of high-pitched squeaks and then listen to the echoes bouncing off things like insects. the shorter the time interval between the squeak and the echo, the closer they to the insect. using sound to find or "see" things is called echolocation. another animal that uses ultrasound is the dolphin. dolphins can hear sounds up to about 150,000 hertz. dolphins use sound waves to find food underwater. they make clicking sounds that hit whatever is around them and then bounce back to the dolphins. dolphins can send as many as 2,000 clicks per second. dolphins' ultrasound ability is so sensitive that they can detect small fish from 10 feet away. 45.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
46、part ⅵ (5’×2=10’) directions: answer the following questions based on the knowledge you have learned in this course. 46. what are the main features of est(english of science and technology)? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
47、47. what makes a good abstract in est? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________